Tips for cramping and training

Applying the "Law of Specificity" in training will help ensure that an athlete doesn't cramp on race day. Simply put "practice like you play" for example if you complete all your training sessions at 60% effort...then race at 85 -90%, you have violated this law.
In short your body has made excellent adaptations to exercising at 60%, but few (if any) adaptations to exercising at 85% - 90%. Therefore when race day arrives and you're hammering at 85%, this represents a stress for which your body is not fully prepared. An early onset of fatigue results, and with that comes the associated things like cramps.

The "Law of Specificity" states
That your training must be specific. To perfect a sports skill, you must practice that skill, using your muscles in the same manner you would when you compete. Training for any sport requires emphasis on a combination of the following:

Coordination - the use of your muscles in the same manner you will use them in competition.
Speed - the use of your muscles at the same speed or faster than you will use them in competition.
Strength/Endurance - the use of your muscles at an effort and duration that you will use them in competition.